Wednesday, July 22, 2020

Thank you for reading

Thank you for reading We were asked to write an entry for the anniversary of the blogs, a reflection on what the blogs meant to us, or a life update since graduating from MIT. First things first: I have now actually been out of college for about as long as I was in college, which is an incredibly weird feeling. The audience that I used to write for has now graduated from college themselves (and are all probably making way more money than I do, since Im in med school and make negative $30,000 a year). While it doesnt seem like that long ago that I was 17 and applying to college, the truth is that in the time since I was 17, that girl from Beasts of the Southern Wild was born and nominated for an Oscar. An entire person came into the world and got to hang out with Beyonce in the time since I was that age. I cant tell whats more frightening: the fact that I am SO INCREDIBLY OLD, or that I just seem to keep getting older and older. Or maybe that I will never get to hang out with Beyonce? Ugh, its all terrible . Back in the prehistoric year of 2006, when we had to regularly remember to dump our chamber pots out the window lest we attract rats and develop the black plague, the blogs were not nearly the beast you see them to be now. I was actually the very first blogger who had to apply for the position, and Im not sure whether I was happier finding out I got into MIT or getting this job. I loved the blogs very much, because they not only allowed me to help incredible people applying to college, but they also gave me confidence in my writing, and allowed me so many opportunities that I would never have experienced otherwise. Because I was a blogger, I was hired to write about a robot opera in Monaco, got to hang out with one of my favorite directors, and met the people who are still my closest friends today;  ultimately, the blogs changed my life in ways that I could have never imagined as I was frantically trying to finish writing a one-act play about an aardvark in a Korean Air airline loung e. (I may be 26 but I am not above airing things that are deeply embarrassing. Lets just get this all out there: sometimes I get too tired to fold my laundry and just fall asleep on it. Sometimes may have been this whole weekend. Are we good? Everybody sufficiently embarrassed? Everybody meaning just me? Should we all just carry on and pretend like this never happened? Meet you outside by the car after this parenthetical ends?) One of the things that I appreciated the most about being a blogger was the ability to be open about every aspect of my life, MIT related or not, and its a tradition that Im happy to say still continues on to this day. Being a blogger allowed me to put my college years in a time capsule and save them in a way that I am 95% grateful for and 5% deeply embarrassed by, and someday I may even be brave/bored enough to go back and read the whole mess. Being a blogger allowed me to meet and work closely with Ben Jones and Chris Peterson, who deserve most if not all the credit for making the blogs the amazing entity that they are, who I still remain very close to and still consider to be my life role models. Both of them have seen me grow in a lot of different ways over the past eight years and I feel so lucky to have them both in my life. (This is a nice moment but Im going to ruin it by saying that neither of you look good with facial hair. We were all thinking it. I have seven words for yo u: please stop it with the neck beards.) I hesitated a lot about starting to write this entry, but there was never a question of whether I would write it or not. The true update on my life is that the way I see things has changed drastically since I left MIT. And yet at the same time, in the four years since Ive graduated college, I dont actually feel like Ive gotten any older. Instead, it feels like Ive lived several lives in parallel. There was the life immediately after I graduated, when I worked as a research tech in Boston and lived in a huge house with four of my closest friends. There was the life when I moved back to San Francisco and started medical school at my dream school, and studied every day for three months for my board exam. And then there is this life, the life without my sister. My sister died in a car accident almost a year ago, and it has, like the blogs, changed my life in ways that I never could have imagined. It is an understatement to say that it is intensely painful to lose someone you love that much. Its indescribable to lose someone youve lived your entire life alongside, who knew every aspect of your life and personality in ways that you didnt even realize yourself, who you maybe foolishly assumed you would grow old with. For several months after, I couldnt even think about moving past all the anger and loneliness and sadness, to get to a place where I could even talk about it to other people, let alone on a public forum like this. It has now been almost been a year, and while there is no happy ending when it comes to losing the most important person in your life, there is this. This thing that is so personal and so private to me, so painful and so very real to me, has afforded me a clarity and a perspective on life that I would never have reached otherwise. It is the worst, most soul-wrenching thing to lose someone you love, and that never stops. I think about her every day and will continue to do so for the rest of my life. But it has also given me a sense of gratitude that I had never experienced before. I am grateful for my legs. I was never been a runner before in my life (true story: used to run 13 minute miles in elementary school; see above re: my life is deeply embarrassing) but now run almost every day. Being here is a gift that is so easily overlooked. Being able to run to the ocean and back is such a privilege because it means I have legs, I have lungs, I can run, and I can breathe. As David Foster Wallace says, this is water. It takes a lot of breathing. Breathe out loss. Breathe in gratitude. Rinse, repeat. It took me a year to get to this point, which is this: the best way I know to honor her is to be a strong and good and kind person. To love other people with fierce abandon, because they could actually be gone tomorrow when someone you loves dies instantly you dont get to suspend disbelief anymore, when we live in an era where planes go missing and incredibly rare viruses emerge out of nowhere. To tell my mom and dad that they are wonderful people and fantastic parents and I am so thankful to have them. To realize that as an adult, I can choose how I construct meaning from my everyday life and that the best way I can do this is to just be grateful. It is not something that I can easily explain or convey to other people because I know that before this happened I never would have understood it fully myself. But I will say this: life is not long enough to treat other people badly, and there are always things you can be thankful for. Even on the darkest, saddest days of your life there are lovely things in the world, as small as a blade of grass, as huge as the night sky. As part of my grieving process I took a two-month long roadtrip around the country visiting my sisters friends, filming them telling stories about her. Inevitably, a lot of stories came out about her and me, and how much we loved each other. My favorite story about us was told to me by her best friend from college, who said that every time I would write a new post, she would burst into his room and yell, JESS HAS A NEW BLOG ENTRY!! and proceed to plop down on his bed and read it aloud to him, whether he wanted to hear it or not. I didnt know that she did that until he told me. To have been loved in that way is a gift that I can either view in one of two ways: one that I will never have again, or one that I am so incredibly lucky to have ever experienced at all. I am very grateful for the blogs, the wonderful people Ive met because of them, and the important memories I have that are tied to these pages. And I am grateful for you, too. If you are reading this, you are alive, and that is a gift. You are experiencing human connection through these blogs, and that is a gift too. This is water. This is water. Thank you for allowing me to be a part of this space and of your lives.

Friday, May 22, 2020

High School Should Not Be Legal - 931 Words

What is the most common reason why high school would go to college? My old friend Sean Kisch is going to graduate with a major in music. His eldest sister will be done with her degree in modern dance this semester. Looking at myself, I am not that far along. I attempted to navigate around college because it was seen as too expensive. The mountain of debt for going to a private Christian college is to grate to pay off. Most people are not made out of money. The money may not be the case because an alternative does exist, it just is not as glorious. A person can obtain an associate’s degree at a community college for considerably less. Which is the choice I have made. I remember watching part of my brothers Dave Ramsey financial piece university video. It stated that most high school teens have the expectation of making mountains of cash. Most expected after college, they would make around one hundred thousand dollars or more. That figure is much lower, an entry level position w ith a college degree is between thirty and thirty-five thousand. If you survive the odds of finishing school, there is still the mammoth task of finding a job. The majority of student who graduate do not have any not enough experience to enter most jobs. My friend Sean is going to Seedarville Univercity in Ohio, he will have around forty to eighty thousand dollars of debt unless his parents are paying for it. My own parent told me they would not pay for my school, because my parent not not makeShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Legal Reasons For Maintaining Privacy949 Words   |  4 Pagesethical and legal reasons for maintain privacy. The audience for this paper is high school level teachers in a school with one-to-one devices for every student. Instructional Setting, Audience, and Content Area At High School One (a pseudonym) a rural 2A high school in Central Washington State. There are just over 1,000 students between 9th and 12th grade, with nearly 80% of the students identifying as white and just under 20% identifying as Hispanic. All students at High School One will be equippedRead MoreResearch Shows That Schooling Can Prevent Crime Among 18-24 Year Olds1334 Words   |  6 Pageslocations, one should expect to see a decrease in crime. One way to increase the amount of time students spend in school is by raising the legal minimum dropout age. Most states have a legal minimum dropout age between sixteen and seventeen years. A student dropping out before the legal minimum dropout age will suffer a series of legal issues such as fines, community service or truancy programs. The argument is based on the premise that students on the border of dropping out of school will drop outRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age From Twenty857 Words   |  4 Pageshome, vote, marry, joining the military and buy tobacco and lottery tickets, but it isn’t illegal to purchase alcohol. However, in twenty-nine states it is legal to consume alcohol at eighteen, but not to purchase alcohol. Becoming an adult has many responsibilities; therefore, citizens should be able to drink at eighteen. The United States should lower the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen because legally a citizen becomes an adult, less fatalities involving d rinking, and help the economy. Read MoreThe Age Of Consent1647 Words   |  7 Pageswho is only one year younger than him, but may not be of the age of legal consent? Then is it okay for a seventeen-year-old to have intercourse with a sixteen-year-old, since both are under the age of consent? So can one see where the perspectives get foggy and the laws need to be adjusted consequently. Not all these questions can be easily resolved, however could be if the following occurred. In my opinion, all US states should have one uniform age of consent, sixteen. My own experience is thatRead MoreCalifornia Dream Act Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesnothing but follow the rules of our legal system, feel as if the right as a legal citizen is being pushed aside. The money to fund the education of these illegal immigrants has to come from somewhere, causing a bigger whole to burn in tax payer’s pocket; when the money can easily go elsewhere to legal students in dire need of it. The state of California has always portraye d itself as the â€Å"free† state and allowed equal opportunity to everyone, to the point where now legal citizenship does not seem as ifRead MoreLaw As A Career : The Lawyer s Role Quality And Education Requirements1154 Words   |  5 PagesLaw as a Career: The lawyer s role Quality and Education Requirements Today, more than ever before, the legal profession offers a unique opportunities to dedicated individual to make a signiï ¬ cant contribution to the society. This post is aimed at help you evaluate law as a career. It should give you a clear understanding of what to expect in your educational path to a law degree and the very signiï ¬ cant ï ¬ nancial expenses associated with obtaining a law degree. Working as a lawyer in society makesRead MoreWe Can Fight in a War, but Cant Have a Drink?877 Words   |  4 PagesPeople have always told me that high school and college would be the best times of my life. Not only do young adults get to venture off from home on their own during college, but they finally get to make their own decisions without having to wait for the approval from a parent. Yes, high school was very fun, but for some reason it just can’t be compared to college life. What else could possibly be the blame for this other than the parties? College parties are very outgoing, but they also create aRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe first and most basic reason that marijuana should be legal is that there is no good reason for it not to be legal. Some people ask why should marijuana be legalized? but we should ask Why should marijuana be illegal? From a philosophical point of view, individuals deserve the right to make choices f or themselves. The government only has a right to limit those choices if the individuals actions endanger someone else. This does not apply to marijuana, since the individual who chooses toRead MoreThe Legal Driving Age Should Not Be Raised1738 Words   |  7 PagesRecently, people have started to become doubtful about the legal driving age being sixteen. They believe that teenagers are immature, childish, indecisive and underdeveloped. People feel that the driving age should be raised to twenty-one so that the society is safer and has more responsible drivers. These people are wrong because teenagers are not as irresponsible as they think. Teenagers need a chance to change others view on them as drivers and become more independent. After turning a certainRead MoreFinnish Schools International Case Study1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe best choice of entry for Finnish Schools International is to seek a local investor in every country it seeks to expand to while using licensing as th e market entry mode, which will be critical in matters involving the procurement of local licenses in the country/countries it chooses to operate in, such as from the Ministry of Education of the country. Seeking a local investor is very important because every country has different rules, laws, and ethnic beliefs to abide to, so there is nothing

Thursday, May 7, 2020

Frankfurt The Principle Of Alternative Possibilities (...

Zhiyuan Li Philosophy 3000 Frankfurt Without Counter-Examples: An Alternative Possibility Harry Frankfurt (1969) argues that the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP): (PAP) a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (829) is false, because there are cases where a person is morally responsible for what she has done even if she could not have done otherwise (835-6). Call such cases Frankfurt-style cases. A lot of literature thereafter has been targeted on these Frankfurt-style cases, particularly whether it’s really possible to construct them. Among critics of Frankfurt, David Widerker (2003) takes one step further and he grants, for the sake of his argument, that it is possible to construct Frankfurt-style cases ; however, he argues that even so, Frankfurt’s argument still fails because there are counter-examples to Frankfurt-style cases, which are in favor of PAP (60-2). This paper is a defense of Frankfurt. Having said that, however, I think Widerker has developed a very strong criticism of Frankfurt which in some sense takes away his prima facie intuition. Therefore, it seems to me not enough for defenders of Frankfurt to respond by just refuting the counter-examples Widerker provides against Frankfurt-style cases – they must somehow bring their intuition back. This is exactly what I want to pursue in this paper. I will argue that Frankfurt’s argument may be reconstructed in an alternative way, which does not dependShow MoreRelatedThe Principle Of Alternate Possibilities1210 Words   |  5 Pagesshe could have done otherwise. This is the Principle of Alternate Possibilities (PAP). For any person and any action, that person is morally responsible for performing or failing to perform that action if and only if she had a genuine alternate possibility open to her at the time. An alternate possibility is simply another option that an agen t has at the time that he or she acts. This principle may hold in part because of the Ought Implies Can principle, which states that a subject ought to do somethingRead MoreThe Importance Of Moral Responsibility For Something We Do1427 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will argue that moral responsibility for something we do does require that we have alternate possibilities in some sense. I will explore the criticisms of this from Frankfurt, with the suggestion that Frankfurt cases are not as damaging as they seem. Finally, I will attempt to show that it is philosophically safer to adopt Otsuka’s slight revision of alternate possibilities. It has long been taken for granted that for an agent to have moral responsibility for an action, they mustRead MoreMoral Responsibility and Harry Frankfurt1286 Words   |  5 Pagesdeterminism is true or false. Harry Frankfurt thinks even though the requirement of alternative possibilities in order to be held morally responsible for our actions seems intuitively plausible, it is a questionable premise in the argument provided by incompatibilists. Frankfurt calls the premise that â€Å"a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise† the principle of alternative possibilities or PAP (Frankfurt, 829). He argues that PAP is false and a person can beRead MoreReflection Paper On Frankfurt, Despite Appearances Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesI will begin, as Frankfurt does, by defining what he means by PAP (principle of alternate possibilities): â€Å"a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherw ise† (167). In this paper, I will argue that Frankfurt, despite appearances, does not employ a counterexample in his refutation of PAP. To illustrate how he fails to do so, I will first review how counterexamples operate. Next, I will explore the basis of Frankfurt’s argument in the context of the Jones4Read MoreDavid Hume : Free Will And Determinism1261 Words   |  6 Pagesin his essay â€Å"Of Liberty and Necessity† that free will and determinism are compatible ideas, and that they can both be accepted at the same time without being logically incorrect. Alike Hume, 20th century author Harry G. Frankfurt concludes in his essay â€Å"Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility† that the two major concepts are compatible. These two authors are among the most famous of Compatibilists (hence the fact that they believe free will and determinism are compatible ideas) in philosophicalRead MoreThe Metaphysical Issue Of Free Will1368 Words   |  6 Pag esthen are we responsible for them? The importance of free will then is made more salient when the concept of moral responsibility is introduced. These moral obligations can reflect on how we blame, praise or judge certain courses of action. Harry Frankfurt debates the issue concerning moral responsibility without the presence of free will. However, his hypothetical demonstration cannot exist, therefore his account does not adequately address the problem with free will. The metaphysical issue is inRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Moral Responsibility From A Universe With Causal Law And Freedom1590 Words   |  7 PagesFrankfurt distinguishes between acting freely and having a free will. Are both of these compatible with determinism? How does our freedom relate to causation? In this essay, I will initially address an incompatibilist approach towards free will and decipher why it is illogical and contradictory. In turn, I will address why Frankfurt’s definitions regarding freedom of action and free will is more appropriate and evaluate why they are both synonymously compatible with determinism. Following on fromRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesAutomotive bought out another tier-one supplier, Pelex Automotive Products (PAP). PAP also had a good project management reputation and also provided quality products. Many of its products were similar to those provided by Lakes Automotive. Because the employees from both companies would be working together closely, a singular project management methodology would be required that would be acceptable to both companies. PAP had a good methodology based on five life-cycle phases. Both methodologies had

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Eco365 Supply and Demand Simulation Paper Free Essays

Supply and Demand Simulation ECO/365 Supply and Demand Simulation In the University of Phoenix simulation (2003), students are taken through the supply and demand of two-bedroom apartments in a city called Atlantis. The simulation itself is used as a tool to learn about the demand and supply curves as well as equilibrium. Other key learning points are the factors that affect supply and demand, the effect that a price ceiling has on the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco365 Supply and Demand Simulation Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the simulation, students determine the rental rates or how many apartments are rented out for a given month. A microeconomic principle that stood out at the beginning of the simulation was the use of the word â€Å"monopoly†. The simulated management organization has a monopoly in the rental field within Atlantis. I considered it to be a microeconomic principle in that it was limited to a certain region. On a macroeconomic scale, it would not hold true because of the fact that there are numerous rental management organizations throughout the world. The second microeconomic principle from the simulation was the scenario in which the student is to determine a monthly rental rate that will remove the imbalance between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at the rental rate of $1550 (University of Phoenix, 2003). I consider this to be a microeconomic concept because each industry or field has its own norm for quantity demanded which definitely affects how much is supplied. An example of this is that of exotic cars. There is a limited number of these vehicles in demand which results in the manufacturers of these cars to build only a limited amount. A macroeconomic principle that showed through in the simulation was that for any product, more quantity is demanded at a lower price, other things remaining constant. To apply that to a microeconomic scale using the simulation as an example, when the rental rate was reduced, more individuals were willing to rent apartments which led to a lower vacancy rate. As the rental rate is lowered, revenue first increases, reached a maximum at a particular rate and quantity demanded, and decreases. The second macroeconomic principle from the simulation was the supply curve demonstration. The student is tasked to identify correctly, the rental rate that the company would charge if it were to lease out all of the apartments. For any supplier, production costs normally increase for each additional unit of the product. In the case of the simulation, it was maintenance costs that were added for each unit rented out. This added cost meant that the rental rate had to increase as well. When the rental rate increased, the number of apartments that management was willing to lease out increased. This was a basic demonstration of how the supply curve works. At one point within the simulation, there is a shift in the demand curve. This is because there was an increase in the population in the city. At any given rental rate, more people rented apartments. This resulted in an increase in demand but the supply remained the same. As a result, the demand curve shifted to the right. The new equilibrium price is now higher than before and the number of apartments demanded and supplied increases. The change in expectations of management caused the supply of two-bedroom apartments to decrease. The expectation was that more individuals would prefer to live in a condo vice the two-bedroom apartment. It also eventually occurred and as a result, this factor caused the supply curve to shift to the left or decrease because there was not only a decrease in the demand for the two-bedroom but also a decrease in the supply. Since the shift in supply was greater than the shift in the demand, the price of rent increases. Had it been the other way around, the rental rate would have declined. Through this simulation, I was able to understand the affect of price ceilings. In the case of the simulation, while tenants could only be charged up to a certain amount, they might be subjected to make up a portion of the difference by higher deposits in order to lease. Price ceilings could also lead to discrimination in the form of choosing tenants on the basis of race, socioeconomic status, etcetera because the number of units that are available far exceeds the number of units the company is able to rent out due to costs. References University of Phoenix. (2003). Applying supply and demand concepts [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ECO365 website. How to cite Eco365 Supply and Demand Simulation Paper, Essay examples

Monday, April 27, 2020

Philip Levine Essays (575 words) - Margaret, Margaret Bourke-White

Philip Levine Margaret Bourke- White Kelly Van Sickle Margaret Bourke- White never thought she would be a famous photographer. In 1921, when Margaret was 17, she went to college to study herpetology, or the study of snakes and reptiles. That same year her father died leaving her family with little money. To stay in college Margaret got a job taking and selling pictures of the college campus using her father's broken camera. That summer she got a job as the photographer and counselor at a summer camp. Even though she liked taking pictures, for Margaret, photography was still a hobby. But architects and other photographers were impressed with her photographs and encouraged her to use her talent. When she graduated in 1927, Margaret turned down a position at the Museum of Natural History and went to Cleveland to open her own photography studio. Margaret had courage and talent from the beginning. At first she did advertising work for schools and other businesses but never stopped working on her artistic skills. For example, as she was walking by she noticed a preacher speaking in a square with only a group of pigeons to hear. Margaret wanted to take his picture but she didn't have her camera with her. She ran into a camera store and asked to rent or borrow a camera. The picture became one of her first works of art and the owner of the store became one of her best friends. One of Margaret's early dreams was to photograph the inside of a steel mill but women weren't allowed inside. Being a woman didn't stop her and the pictures were a success. Her shots were published in magazines all over the country and got Margaret her first big job, at Fortune magazine in New York. With Margaret's photos Fortune became one of the leading photography magazines. The magazine had also made her a star but Margaret still kept her studio, which had grown to a staff of eight and moved to the Chrysler building. In 1930 Fortune sent Margaret on one of her biggest assignments, to Germany to capture foreign industry. Curious about the Soviet Union she wanted to extend her trip but very few foreigners were allowed into the country. As she once said, nothing attracts me like a closed door. Margaret never gave up and, after impressing Russian officials with her portfolio, was admitted into the country. She made a total of three trips and gained a reputation for being and expert on Russian industry. In 1931 she wrote her first book, Eyes on Russia. During World War II Margaret was sent Europe to cover the war. She got pictures of her own ship being torpedoed and became the first woman in a bomber. She also went with General Patton's troops to be one of the firsts to photograph a concentration camp. When she returned to the U.S. she wrote another book about the war, Purple Heart Valley. In 1950 Margaret was awarded an American Women of Achievement award but only seven years later she would no longer be able to hold a camera. She was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease but at first refused to believe the diagnosis. Margaret Bourke- White died in 1971, at 67 years old. Margaret was one of the greatest photographers but also one of the greatest women. She paved the way for many women in all professions, not just photographers, with her courage and determination. Poetry Essays

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Free Essays on Weapons Of World War 2

â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention†, and so it was taught and learned throughout all of World War 2. During World War 2 weaponry had to be upgraded and revised to fit every situation. The engineers of the war had to constantly develop new and better weaponry. Much like the engineers, the generals and officers were required to develop new ways of outsmarting their enemy. Today most everything is computerized for battle situations, and much is known about all other foreign defenses, but during the period of World War 2 there were many secrets, and a constant distrust of some allies. Tanks were a huge aspect of ground fighting during the war. One of the first tanks used was the Italian M 13/40, which was unreliable and slow at best, therefore this tank did not last long in battle. Axis forces dubbed this tank the mobile coffin for its weak armor plate and all other small tanks defeated it. Allied forces later came to depend on the British Matilda. It had a 2-pound turret gun and a top speed of 15 mph, which was certainly considered quite fast for a tank in 1941. The British Matilda also had a 78mm armor plate and could stand most heavy fire. This tank ruled the grounds, but Axis engineers were busy developing a better tank. Soon after the Axis forces developed the Panzer to end the Matilda era. The Panzer was preeminent when desert fighting came about in 1942. These Panzer tanks were the primary ground force in North Africa, because of their power, speed, and agility. This Panzer model did not last long because the U.S. soon created the General Sherman, which could defeat the Panzer in most cases. While the General Shermans were holding the desert the axis forces were creating a new, far improved Panzer model. The Panzer II and the General Sherman were generally equivalent, and could both take on all other tanks. These tanks were the primary ground force for both Axis and Allied forces for about a yea... Free Essays on Weapons Of World War 2 Free Essays on Weapons Of World War 2 â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention†, and so it was taught and learned throughout all of World War 2. During World War 2 weaponry had to be upgraded and revised to fit every situation. The engineers of the war had to constantly develop new and better weaponry. Much like the engineers, the generals and officers were required to develop new ways of outsmarting their enemy. Today most everything is computerized for battle situations, and much is known about all other foreign defenses, but during the period of World War 2 there were many secrets, and a constant distrust of some allies. Tanks were a huge aspect of ground fighting during the war. One of the first tanks used was the Italian M 13/40, which was unreliable and slow at best, therefore this tank did not last long in battle. Axis forces dubbed this tank the mobile coffin for its weak armor plate and all other small tanks defeated it. Allied forces later came to depend on the British Matilda. It had a 2-pound turret gun and a top speed of 15 mph, which was certainly considered quite fast for a tank in 1941. The British Matilda also had a 78mm armor plate and could stand most heavy fire. This tank ruled the grounds, but Axis engineers were busy developing a better tank. Soon after the Axis forces developed the Panzer to end the Matilda era. The Panzer was preeminent when desert fighting came about in 1942. These Panzer tanks were the primary ground force in North Africa, because of their power, speed, and agility. This Panzer model did not last long because the U.S. soon created the General Sherman, which could defeat the Panzer in most cases. While the General Shermans were holding the desert the axis forces were creating a new, far improved Panzer model. The Panzer II and the General Sherman were generally equivalent, and could both take on all other tanks. These tanks were the primary ground force for both Axis and Allied forces for about a yea...

Monday, March 2, 2020

Understand What Normality Means in Chemistry

Understand What Normality Means in Chemistry Normality is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution. Gram equivalent weight is the measure of the reactive capacity of a molecule.  The solutes role in the reaction determines the solutions normality. Normality is also known as the equivalent concentration of a solution. Normality Equation Normality (N) is the molar concentration ci divided by an equivalence factor feq: N ci / feq Another common equation is normality (N) equal to the gram equivalent weight divided by liters of solution: N gram equivalent weight / liters of solution (often expressed in g/L) or it may be the molarity multiplied by the number of equivalents: N molarity  x equivalents Units of Normality The capital letter N is used to indicate concentration in terms of normality. It may also be expressed as eq/L (equivalent per liter) or meq/L (milliequivalent per liter of 0.001 N, typically reserved for medical reporting). Examples of Normality For acid reactions, a 1 M H2SO4 solution will have a normality (N) of 2 N because 2 moles of H ions are present per liter of solution.For sulfide precipitation reactions, where the SO4- ion is the important part, the same 1 M H2SO4 solution will have a normality of 1 N. Example Problem Find the normality of 0.1  M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) for the reaction: H2SO4 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 2 H2O According to the equation, 2 moles of H ions (2 equivalents) from sulfuric acid react with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and water. Using the equation: N molarity x equivalentsN 0.1 x 2N 0.2 N Dont be confused by the number of moles of sodium hydroxide and water in the equation. Since youve been given the molarity of the acid, you dont need the additional information. All you need to figure out are how many moles of hydrogen ions are participating in the reaction. Since sulfuric acid is a strong acid, you know it completely dissociates into its ions. Potential Issues Using N for Concentration Although normality is a useful unit of concentration, it cant be used for all situations because its value depends on an equivalence factor that can change based on the type of chemical reaction of interest. As an example, a solution of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) may be 1 N for the Mg2 ion, yet 2 N for the Cl- ion. While N is a good unit to know, its not used as much as molarity or molality in actual lab work. It has value for acid-base titrations, precipitation reactions, and redox reactions. In acid-base reactions and precipitation reactions, 1/feq is an integer value. In redox reactions, 1/feq may be a fraction.